China · Wuhan · See the China profile
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A one-week RCT with 187 Chinese dental undergraduates found ChatGPT-3.5 access alongside standard video instruction significantly improved procedural performance and cut eye-tracking-measured cognitive load, with the biggest gains for students with lower spatial ability.
Wuhan University's School & Hospital of Stomatology randomly assigned 187 third-year dental undergraduates to a one-week skills-training unit, either with standard video instruction alone (control) or with the same video instruction plus on-demand access to ChatGPT-3.5 as a supplementary instructor (intervention).
On a blinded practical assessment, the ChatGPT group scored significantly higher than the control group (mean 73.12 vs 65.54, t=4.569, p<.001). Eye-tracking-derived pupil-diameter measures showed significantly lower cognitive load in the ChatGPT group (mean 0.137 vs 0.312, p<.001). Students with low spatial ability benefited most (mean 70.20 vs 55.41, p<.001), and self-reported self-efficacy (p=.04) and learning motivation (p=.02) both favoured the ChatGPT group.
The trial ran for one week at a single university using an untuned, general-purpose chatbot rather than a purpose-built or institutionally vetted AI tutor; the published study does not report on data-governance measures for student use of a third-party, US-hosted chatbot, nor does it evaluate any teacher-facing component.
Read the full analysis: https://www.jmir.org/2025/1/e68538
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