Good practice

Paridad en Todo — La reforma constitucional de paridad de género de México (2019)

Mexico · Mexico City · See the Mexico profile

La reforma constitucional mexicana de 2019 exige paridad de género en los tres poderes del Estado, en todos los niveles. El Congreso alcanzó una paridad casi total tras las elecciones de 2018 y 2021, aunque el caso de las "Juanitas" en 2009 expuso un vacío legal que obligó a crear nuevas salvaguardas contra retrocesos.

48.6 %

Mujeres en la Cámara de Diputados (2018)

50.8 %

Mujeres en el Senado (2018)

48 %

Mujeres en la Cámara de Diputados (2021)

Details

Maturity: Established
Promoter: Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE) / Congreso de la Unión
Period: 2019–present
Keywords: electoral law, political representation, constitutional reform, gender parity

Context

En junio de 2019, el Congreso de México modificó nueve artículos constitucionales para exigir la 'paridad en todo', es decir, la paridad de género en la composición (no solo en las candidaturas) de los poderes ejecutivo, legislativo y judicial en los ámbitos federal, estatal y municipal, sobre la base de una ley de cuotas de 2014 que exigía la alternancia de las listas de candidatos.

Results

Bajo la ley previa de 2014, las elecciones de 2018 ya produjeron un 48.6% de mujeres en la Cámara de Diputados (246 de 500 escaños) y un 50.8% en el Senado (65 de 128 escaños), según datos de IPU Parline; las elecciones intermedias de 2021, las primeras celebradas tras la reforma constitucional de 2019, mantuvieron a la Cámara cerca de la paridad (alrededor del 48%) y arrojaron un número récord de gobernadoras estatales.

Conclusions

La paridad numérica no ha eliminado la resistencia: en 2009, ocho diputadas electas (las 'Juanitas') renunciaron a favor de suplentes hombres, lo que motivó una resolución judicial que exigía suplentes del mismo género; una ley federal de 2020 contra la violencia política de género se produjo tras documentarse el acoso a mujeres funcionarias durante el ciclo electoral 2020-21.

Implementation

Implementation detail (cost, timeline, staffing, conditions for success) is not yet available for this practice.

Data sources

Where this practice's information was retrieved from, and when.

C-NAPSE web research — accessed 2026-07-05
Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE) / Congreso de la Unión — accessed 2026-07-05
Diario Oficial de la Federación — decreto de reforma (6 June 2019) — accessed 2026-07-05
IPU Parline — Mexico, Chamber of Deputies — accessed 2026-07-05
Washington Post — Mexico's historic gains for women in politics (2021) — accessed 2026-07-05

Quality score: 85/100

How is this calculated?

Evidence: Observational / pre–post

Top 22% in this catalogue (719 scored practices)

Scores cluster high, so position within the catalogue is often more telling than the number alone.

Evaluation

Evaluated by C-NAPSE

Score profile — the dimensions behind the score — how it's computed

Transferability / replicability2/3

Constitutional parity is part of a documented Latin American wave (Mexico joins Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador among others), though no source confirms direct replication citing Mexico specifically.

Impact on gender equality1/1

IPU Parline data show real, measured shifts in seat composition (48.6% Chamber, 50.8% Senate in 2018).

Effectiveness1/1

The reform's stated aim — parity in Congress — was achieved and sustained across the 2018 and 2021 cycles per IPU and Washington Post reporting.

Efficiency0/1

No cost-effectiveness or implementation-cost evaluation was located in the sources reviewed.

Evaluated outcomes1/1

Outcomes are tracked cycle-over-cycle by IPU Parline and covered in peer press (Washington Post), constituting ongoing external evaluation.

Sustainability1/1

The rule is constitutional (not a program dependent on funding) and has held across two subsequent electoral cycles.

Achievement / evidence1/1

Before/after seat counts are independently documented (IPU Parline) rather than self-reported.

Gender-mainstreaming embedding1/1

Parity is embedded across all three branches and all levels of government, not limited to one body or program.

Curator validation1/1

Cross-checked against IPU Parline, DOF official gazette and Washington Post reporting — two or more independent domains.

Cite this

Evidoria. Paridad en Todo — La reforma constitucional de paridad de género de México (2019). Persistent ID: 1a3182db-cb1f-4488-af64-31159cb2e041.

Export as decision brief (PDF)

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