Top 89%
in this catalogue (918 scored practices)
Scores cluster high, so position within the catalogue is often more telling than the number alone.
Carbon — sequestration / storage, evidenced0/3
No carbon component is claimed or measured for stone-spout restoration.
Biodiversity — conservation / improvement, evidenced0/3
No biodiversity monitoring has been published for restored hiti sites.
Water & soil — retention, infiltration, erosion control2/3
A Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board survey quantified the baseline (479 of an estimated 600+ historical spouts located, only 171 running), and Kathmandu Metropolitan City has completed physical restorations (Sango Hiti's canals and filtration in 2023, the Rs 7.33m Ga: Hiti reconstruction from 2025), but no independent post-restoration flow or aquifer-recharge measurement has been published.
Fire resilience — risk reduction, evidenced0/3
No fire-related data is reported for this practice.
Governance, certification & transferability2/3
Restoration is institutionally anchored in Kathmandu Metropolitan City's Heritage and Tourism Department working with local Guthi trusts and consumers' committees, and a 2019 Supreme Court ruling forced municipal action on at least one site, but Smartphones4Water Nepal testing found nearly all spouts contaminated with E. coli, showing management gaps remain.
Evidoria. Kathmandu's Hiti Revival — Restoring Traditional Stone Spouts for Groundwater-Fed Water Supply. Persistent ID: 00ab5e08-5e6c-4230-8366-6e7e951d0d62.