Topic: Nature-based solutions & ecosystem services clear · back to the knowledge map
Indonesia's FCPF ERPA for East Kalimantan (signed Nov 2020) commits up to US$110 million for 22 million tCO2e; in Nov 2022, Indonesia …
Estonia's EAFRD-funded Rural Development Plan pays private landowners €60–134/ha for Natura 2000 management restrictions. By 2019: €4.3 M/year for 64,000 ha of …
PNG's REDD+ programme verified 17M tCO₂e of avoided deforestation (2014–2016), earning USD 63.4M in GCF results-based payments (July 2025). Covers 1.4M ha …
Plan Vivo–certified community reforestation with 4,000+ smallholder families across 17,000+ ha in Estelí highlands. All 2015–2021 credits independently verified; US$3.1M paid to …
Portugal's national PES pilot (Resolução 121/2019): Fundo Ambiental pays 14 landowners €3.7M over 20 years to conserve 27,674 ha — Serra do …
World's largest PES programme: China's Grain for Green converted 34.3M ha of sloped farmland to forest and grassland since 1999, paying 535 …
Malaysia's first certified nature-based carbon project: 83,381 ha of Bornean dipterocarp rainforest in Sabah, verified under Verra VCS+CCB. First VCUs issued March …
Spain's CAP Strategic Plan (PEPAC 2023-2027) pays farmers in dehesa and agroforestry systems—~3.5 million ha of Extremadura, Andalusia and Castilla y León—for …
World's oldest operational carbon market project (1994), led by indigenous and mestizo farming communities in Chiapas under Plan Vivo. Covers 9,150 ha …
Community-led mangrove restoration in Casamance and Sine-Saloum: 10,000 ha, 80 million trees planted by 2012, Verra-certified; 600,000 tCO2e over 20 years; 350 …
WCS-managed REDD+ project protecting 372,470 ha of primary rainforest and 73 community forests in NE Madagascar. VCS + CCB Gold certified; 1.2 …
World's first VCS Triple Gold CCB REDD+ project: 13 community forestry groups protect 67,783 ha in Oddar Meanchey. Expected to reduce 7.1 …
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