PLLuM in mObywatel — Poland's Sovereign-Language-Model AI Assistant for Public Services

Six (later eight) Polish public research institutions — including Wrocław University of Technology, two Polish Academy of Sciences institutes, NASK, the Information Processing Institute and the University of Łódź — built PLLuM, a homegrown Polish-language model (8–70B parameters, using mixture-of-experts and retrieval-augmented generation), funded with over 14.5 million zł and explicitly aimed at reducing public administration's reliance on foreign AI vendors.

The project sought a sovereign alternative to foreign LLMs for Polish public administration, first for drafting official letters, triaging resident inquiries and summarising documents, and later as a citizen-facing assistant inside the national digital-identity app.

Częstochowa (population approximately 200,000) signed an agreement in early August 2025 to become the first Polish city piloting PLLuM. The Ministry of Digital Affairs then allocated a further 19 million zł (about €4.5 million) to extend PLLuM into public administration broadly, and from 31 December 2025 a PLLuM-based assistant went live inside the national mObywatel digital-identity app — described by Deputy Prime Minister Krzysztof Gawkowski as the first national-model government chatbot in Europe.

Independent Polish outlets that tested the live assistant found real errors: asked who Poland's Prosecutor General is, PLLuM answered 'Dariusz Barski', who had been removed from that post in January 2024, and only correctly named the actual officeholder, Dariusz Korneluk, when the question was phrased differently — an inconsistency that ChatGPT did not make in the same side-by-side test.

No formal accuracy or citizen-satisfaction results from the Częstochowa pilot or the national rollout have been published as of mid-2026.