Programa de Gestão Comunitária de Recursos Naturais (CBNRM) do Botsuana

Botswana's Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Programme lets communal-area villages form registered Community-Based Organisations (CBOs) or Trusts that hold leases over Wildlife Management Areas and Controlled Hunting Areas, earning tourism and (when permitted) safari-hunting concession revenue in exchange for managing wildlife and other natural resources on their land.

Piloted from the early 1990s (the Chobe Enclave project from 1993 is an early example) and formalised nationally by the CBNRM Policy of 2007. Under the policy's revenue-sharing rule, 65% of proceeds from a CBO's sale of hunting quotas or concessions goes to the National Environmental Fund, with the CBO retaining the rest.

By the mid-2000s roughly 150 villages across 10 districts and about 135,000 people (roughly one-tenth of the population) were involved, with CBNRM/WMA land covering about 22% of national territory by 2004. The Chobe Enclave earned about USD 200,000 in 2002, two-thirds from hunting. Elephant numbers rose from an estimated 80,000 in 1996 to over 129,000 by 2014 and have remained above 130,000 for roughly 15 years. CBO registrations stagnated between 2009 and 2012, and a 2014-2019 national hunting ban cost an estimated USD 6 million in lost licence fees affecting around 800 families before being reversed in 2019; pre-ban safari hunting supported roughly 600 jobs and about 15% of tourism revenue, with CBNRM-linked tourism overall estimated at about 3.5% of total tourism value. Around 100 community trusts are currently active.

Peer-reviewed and policy literature documents elite capture within some trusts, weak business capacity, and uneven distribution of revenue among members.